Prezhevalsky
He was born in a small village near Smolensk , in Western Russia , on 12 April 1839, and from an early age he had a passion for travel. His father was a sickly army officer pensioned off at the age of 32 and it was expected that young Nikolay would follow in his father's footsteps. He left school at 18 and duly joined the army. Although he never enjoyed military life, apparently he decided, (like many young men both before and afterwards), that an army career would have given him the best chance to “hit the road” and see the world.
He managed to persuade the Russian Geographical Society and his senior officers that he would be a good explorer, and the Society agreed to sponsor an expedition to the Usuri river region in the Russian Far East in 1867-69. Despite, at times, appalling conditions he collected many plan specimens, which he sent to the St. Petersburg Botanical Gardens. The results impressed everyone and the Society agreed to help finance future trips. His employers, (the army), were happy to give him the time he needed, on the condition that, on his return from each trip, he reported first to them before saying anything to the Society – in other words he became an Army agent - a spy.
He focused on Central Asia , Launching four major expeditions in 15 years, writing four books about his experiences. In all he traveled some 32000 kilometers in Central Asia and mapped some seven million square kilometers, including several major mountain chains.
Mongolia , China and Tibet (1870-73) – crossing the Mongolian steppes and the Gobi Desert on 7e way to Beijing . It was on this trip that he met the Tibetan Ambassador to China who invited him to Lhasa to meet the Dalai Lama – but he was running out of money and the Tibetan winter was setting in – so he had to turn back.
Tian Shan , Lop Nor, Taklamakan desert and northern Xinjiang (1876-77) – He crossed into what is now Xinjiang across the Kazakh-Chinese border and was surprised to discover that he was not the first Russian to visit these parts. In 1861 a group of “Old Believers” had traveled here in search of a “promised land” and after a couple of years struggling to farm and hunt they decided to give up and return to Siberia . Apparently only one girl survived (to become the favourite wife of the Bey of Turfan) – the others killed by rebellious tribesmen. On this trip he discovered that the salt lake of Lop , Lop Nor, as in fact some 100 miles away from where the Chinese cartographers had placed it since ancient times. His report sparked a great debate and when he returned to the region on later trips he repeated his measurements and calculations and came to the same conclusions. The mystery surrounding the “erroneous” positioning of the lake was not solved until Hedin visited the region in 1895, 1900 and again in 1928. He discovered salt flats where the Chinese had once located the lake and what appeared to be a dry river bed. He came to the conclusion that the river and lake had changed their position once – and was about to do so again. Sure enough, when he returned in 1928 the lake and river were back in their original locations.
Mongolia, China, Tibet (1879-80) through inhospitable country; across mountain passes so high that there was barely enough oxygen to light a fire so that water took two hours to boil and harassed by tribesman – the party eventually reached a point only 260 km from Lhasa. The Tibetan authorities refused him permission to proceed and no amount of argument or persuasion could make them change their minds – and so he was forced to turn around and head back home. It was on this expedition that he discovered the tiny steppeland horse that now bears his name - Prezhevalsky's Horse – now, sadly, disappeared from its old habitats and surviving only in zoos around the world. It was the world's last species of wild horse.
Mongolia , China , Tibet , Taklamakan desert and Tian Shan (1883-85) – setting out once more for Tibet , this time he was forced back because the Chinese had destroyed the bridges over the Tam Chu River and blocked border passes by boulders cutting all the routes into Tibet . He turned North again and the arriving in Kyrgyzstan over the Bedel Pass , the expedition ended at Karakol on the shores of Lake Issyk Kul. From here Prezhevalsky returned to Moscow .
As a result of the invasion of Sikkim in 1886, Britain was seen as beginning to show an interest in Tibet and this was perceived as a threat to the empire. Who was better than Prezhevalsky to lead another expedition to Lhasa ? In 1888 he returned to Pishpek to prepare for what was to be his grandest expedition. While hunting tiger by the Chui River he unwisely drank the water, and contracted typhus. He was dispatched to Lake Issyk Kul for rest and treatment – but it became clear that he wasn't going to recover. He had a small house built on a promontory overlooking the lake, with a small chapel where he meditated and prayed. He wrote to the Tsar asking to be photographed in his coffin dressed in his explorer's clothes and to be buried beside the lake.
He died at the military hospital on 20 October 1888, at the age of 49, and the town was renamed in his honour. After Independence the town renamed to Karakol. His house was preserved and has been turned into a small park and museum.
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