Tours, Attractions, and Things To Do in Istanbul
Orhan Pamuk, the Turkish Nobel Laureate in Literature in 2006, wrote in his book “Istanbul”: “After the Ottoman Empire collapsed, the world almost forgot that Istanbul existed.” As the years passed, Istanbul emerged as a top travel destination in Turkey (Türkiye).
The largest city in Turkey, Istanbul in the Marmara region, prides itself on its architectural beauty, ancient history, profound tradition, delicious food, and superb location. The crossroads of civilisations make Istanbul tourism so charming and intriguing, even amid its fast pace, skyscrapers, and other modern structures.
For those exploring this enchanting city, our comprehensive Istanbul travel guide highlights key things to do, public transport, shopping, Istanbul restaurant recommendations, and more.
Istanbul Tours
The best way to tour Istanbul is to explore its vibrant neighbourhoods on foot, taking in the city's atmosphere and discovering its attractions.
Istanbul is relatively affordable compared to other major European cities, with a wide range of accommodation and dining options to suit all budgets. If time is limited, consider a one-day tour from the airport to cover some of the top historical sites in Istanbul, including the Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and the Grand Bazaar.
Best Time to Visit Istanbul
The best time to visit Istanbul is April through May and September (spring or autumn). Summers are scorching, and winter cold can pierce into the bone. On the other hand, nature and Istanbul's flora bloom with the onset of spring, while autumn offers a wealth of colour and a pleasant breeze, making it an ideal time to visit many of Istanbul's tourist spots. These shoulder seasons also mark the peak of Istanbul tourism as the city enchants visitors through its refreshing weather and vibrant outdoor activities.
History of Istanbul
Istanbul, a city that used to be the capital of four empires, is compelling evidence of Turkey’s rich historical background. First founded as Byzantium in 660 BC, it was later renamed Constantinople by Roman Emperor Constantine I in 330 AD, when he made it the new capital of the Roman Empire.
During the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople prospered as a cultural and learning centre, and its Hagia Sophia cathedral was among the most splendid buildings in the world. However, in 1453, the city fell to the Ottoman Turks, who transformed it into the capital of their empire.
Under Ottoman rule, Istanbul saw a period of tremendous growth and prosperity. The city’s population augmented, and new mosques, palaces, citadels, and other structures were built. Istanbul also became a major centre of trade and commerce, connecting Europe and Asia.
With the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, Istanbul lost some of its former glory. Nevertheless, the city remained an important cultural and political centre.
In 1923, the new parliament abolished the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed the Republic of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also named Mustafa Kemal Paşa (Pasha), is the founder and the first president of Turkey. He is considered a national hero.
Ankara replaced Constantinople as its capital. The current name "Istanbul" was adopted on March 28, 1930. The city continued to grow and advance in the subsequent years.
Things to Do in Istanbul
Istanbul is a city full of sights and activities. Even travellers to Turkey for a short stay can make the most of their time by following the Istanbul travel guide to tour the city's top historical sites.
Undoubtedly, it is one of the most captivating and oldest cities in the world, and no visit to Turkey is complete without wandering through its ancient sites. They are central to Istanbul tourism and demonstrate impressive architectural styles.
The Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Camii), originally a Christian Basilica, was built in the 4th century.
The next stop should be the Topkapı Palace (Topkapı Sarayı), just behind the Hagia Sophia.
Another recognisable structure not to miss out on your Istanbul travel itinerary is the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmet Mosque). Many elements of this complex contribute to its significance among Istanbul's sights.
The Roman and Eastern Roman Empires were known for spectacular entertainment. Istanbul's Sultanahmet Square was home to the Hippodrome of Constantinople, built to accommodate chariot races and other public gatherings. Although not in its original state, the Hippodrome arena can still stir the imagination as you walk through fascinating relics of the past.
“I’m speechless,” “amazing,” and “awe-inspiring” – that is how newcomers often describe their experience after visiting the Basilica Cistern (Yerebatan Sarnıcı). The row of huge sprawling columns, a renowned Medusa head, and a hand emerging from the water add to the mystical feel.
These pearls of Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman architecture form part of the UNESCO-listed Historic Areas of Istanbul.
A bit out of the way, but one of the places to go in Istanbul on your second day is the Süleymaniye Mosque (Süleymaniye Camii).
Standing high on the European side of Istanbul is the Galata Tower Museum (Galata Kulesi Müzesi).
The Bosphorus is another highlight that makes Istanbul extraordinary.
Istanbul Museums
As the former centre of power of the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, spanning a history of over 2,500 years, Istanbul’s streets unfold the enduring spirit that lies at the heart of Istanbul tourism.
Some of the best Istanbul museums in our Istanbul city guide include those inside the Topkapı Palace, the Blue Mosque, Hagia Sophia, and Basilica Cisterns.
Those interested in Islamic art and history should head to the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum (Türk ve İslam Eserleri Müzesi).
Scientific buffs will love the well-organised displays at the Istanbul Museum of the History of Science & Technology in Islam, dedicated to the Islamic contribution to science and technology.
Today, the Kariye Mosque (Kariye Camii), the former Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora, houses a Chora Museum.
A short walk from Taksim Square, the Museum of Innocence (Masumiyet Müzesi) takes guests to Istanbul in the 70s and 80s. This museum is unusual because it features the book of the greatest Turkish novelist, Orhan Pamuk.
Finally, unearth the past with the Istanbul Archaeological Museum (The Arkeoloji Müzesi), home to over one million objects.
Istanbul Theatres
What draws sightseers is a country's unique qualities. Speaking of theatre culture in Turkey, our Istanbul travel guide introduces visitors to the Anatolian shadow theatre, karagöz. The shadow puppetry, spanning 700 years, was added to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List in 2009.
Tourists can witness Karagöz shows at Sultanahmet Square and along the Golden Horn harbour during Ramadan and other public holidays. Furthermore, Istanbul Hodjapasha, a cultural centre, is one of the places to visit in Istanbul. It hosts shadow puppetry, including belly dancers, whirling dervishes, and other folklore performances.
Entertainment, Parks, and Shopping in Istanbul
Parks of Istanbul
The best parks in Istanbul are Gülhane Park, Emirgan Park, and the Istanbul Aquarium. Continue reading our Istanbul city guide to discover what makes each of them a highlight of any Istanbul travel experience.
Gülhane Park, translated as “Rosehouse Park”, takes the top spot for natural landscapes. Spring is the best time to admire its gardens and trees and sip coffee or tea at the cafe with views of the Bosphorus.
The Istanbul Tulip Festival, held in April, is an annual month-long event. The grounds of Emirgan Park burst into colour annually.
Perhaps among the best places to spend time with children is the Istanbul Aquarium (Istanbul Aquarium). This water kingdom captivates from the first minute. Indeed, there are many things to see – sharks, sea lions, cute penguins, turtles, and jellyfish of different sizes. The Amazon climate zone is a continuous floating play of colours created by tropical fish. Interactive activities comprise feeding sessions and training demonstrations.
Shopping in Istanbul
One of the first things we cannot miss whenever we travel is visiting markets with local vendors selling everything from fresh food to various arts and crafts. Shopping in Istanbul often begins in its bazaars.
The #1 is the Istanbul covered bazaar - the Grand Bazaar (Kapalıçarşı). Newcomers to Istanbul should come here for colours, atmosphere, scents, and fun when bargaining the prices – that makes the encounter authentic.
The next increasingly popular market after the Grand Bazaar is the Spice Bazaar (Mısır Çarşısı). The two are located in the Fatih district.
A short distance from the Blue Mosque, the Arasta Bazaar is an excellent spot for purchasing souvenirs, sweets, carpets, and clothes.
From traditional bazaars to contemporary Istanbul shopping centres, this Istanbul city guide describes all possible venues, catering to any taste. Istinye Park, Istanbul Cevahir Shopping and Entertainment Centre (Cevahir Alışveriş Merkezi), also known as the Şişli Culture and Trade Centre (Şişli Kültür ve Ticaret Merkezi), and Kadıköy Çarşısı are the malls worth browsing.
For many foreigners, flea markets are must-see destinations. Fans of furniture, home décor, carpets, clothing, and antiques can visit Feriköy Antika Pazarı or Bomonti Flea Market. They provide an ideal setting for discovering rare goods, haggling, and taking a bite at the local vendors.
Entertainment
From day to night, Istanbul travel offers fun activities for all ages. While LEGOLAND Discovery Centre is a playground aimed at children, adults can also be amused with 4D Lego movies and a racetrack.
A colourful Balat street with cute restaurants, cafes, and galleries provides an authentic leisure and cultural retreat. The fun in Istanbul is concentrated on the Istiklal Street of Beyoğlu, the centre of Istanbul’s nightlife, and the fabulous Ortaköy along the Bosphorus.
Furthermore, frequented by the city's youth, Kadıköy is one of the neighbourhoods for a lively night out on the Asian side of Istanbul. The elegant and refined district is Nişantaşı. It hosts glamorous, luxurious lounges and clubs such as Reina and Sortie, attracting a sophisticated audience.
What about attending craft workshops in Istanbul? The choices are diverse: mosaic lamp workshops, Turkish coffee-making, stained-glass painting, Ottoman tile & ceramic lessons, Turkish marbling (ebru) classes, and Turkish musical instrument workshops.
A large assortment of the Bosphorus cruise tours is available - from day and dining to narration and sunset cruises.
And, of course, entertainment highlights for travellers include HodjaPasha, Galata Mevlevi House Museum, and Sema at the Universal Mevlana Lovers Foundation (EMAV) – where whirling Dervish ceremonies take place.
Food in Istanbul
If you are wondering where to eat authentic Turkish food, check out our Turkey restaurant recommendation guide.
Turkish Cuisine
Your first morning in Turkey should start with the Turkish breakfast. It is a cultural and social event that adds a favourable dimension to Istanbul travel. Whether menemen (scrambled eggs with tomatoes, peppers, and spices), sucuklu yumurta (omelette with sausages), or a set of yoghurt, cheese, olive, jams, honey, cucumbers, and tahini, the traditional breakfast in Istanbul is not to be missed. Many great restaurants in Istanbul, especially esnaf lokantası (Turkish old-school home kitchens) in Beşiktaş, have Turkish breakfast on their menus.
Istanbul offers delicious seafood dishes due to its location between the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. Fish restaurants serve grilled sea bass, calamari, lobster thermidor, octopus salad, stuffed mussels, and crispy fried anchovies, including a slew of mezes (cold appetisers) doused in olive oil and lemon.
Kebab restaurants are found across Istanbul's lively districts. Adana kebab, ground meat wrapped on a skewer and cooked over fire. Patlıcanlı kebab, some roasted meatballs with aubergines, and tomatoes. Şiş kebab, skewered and grilled meat slices. These dishes are often served with salads, crispy potatoes, and refreshing ayran.
Vegetarian Restaurants
While meat reigns supreme as a nation’s main ingredient in most dishes, it is still possible to find restaurants serving vegetarian and vegan food. These include Kumin Vegan Lezzetler, Vegan Dukkan, and Mahatma Cafe, to name a few.
Coffee Houses, Bakeries, and Patisseries
Lokum, baklava, and pide (sort of Turkish pizza) are sweet and savoury pastries baked with love at Istanbul bakeries. Some confectionery stores selling Turkish delights date from the Ottoman period.
As in any place, Istanbul chefs in contemporary restaurants love experimenting with traditional flavours to give their food a fine-dining feel.
Traditional Istanbul beverages include Turkish tea, Turkish coffee, and rakı, an alcoholic drink made from distilled grape pomace and aniseed, often served at Istanbul taverns (meyhanes).
City Transport in Istanbul
Public Transport
Getting around Istanbul using public transport is easy with the Istanbul Tourist Pass. Most visitors travel by bus and tram to cover Istanbul's major tourist spots. Driving in Istanbul is not recommended due to heavy traffic. Tourists can also catch a ferry boat to the Princes' Islands (Adalar) or travel between the Asian and European sides.
Bus and tram
Buses in Istanbul are operated by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, İBB). There are nearly 500 routes that run every 10-15 minutes. You will not find a map inside a bus, so it is wise to get one at the bus terminal. Besides, the Metropolitan Municipality webpage provides essential information on all lines and their timetable.
Visitors to Istanbul should purchase an Istanbulkart card or a limited-use ticket to ride buses, trams, metros, and ferries. The former is the best option because it is cheaper than one-time rides and can be reloaded at bus and metro stops.
The T1 tram line (Bağcılar-Kabataş) will take adventurers to major sights such as the Galata Tower and Hagia Sophia. T3 on the Asian side (Kadıköy-Moda) is known as the tourist tram, while Istanbul’s Nostalgic Train on the European side, T3, runs along Istiklal Street from Taksim Square to Tünel. The tram network map can be found on Metro Istanbul’s website.
Metro
The Metro Red Line (M1a) takes tourists from Atatürk Airport to Zeytinburnu, where they can hop on the T1 tram to reach the historical area. The Green Line (M2) and M6 connect the historical Fatih area with Sarıyer on the European side of Istanbul. While travelling in the city, be sure to download the Istanbul Metro Map to your phone to navigate the system: https://www.inat.fr/metro/istanbul/
Marmaray Line
To travel between the two sides of Istanbul, tourists can use the Marmaray Line, running through the 13.6 km Marmaray Tunnel under the Bosphorus.
Kazlıçeşme, Yenikapı, and Sirkeci stations on the European side are linked to Asian stations, all the way to Gebze.
Istanbul Funicular (Tünel)
The Istanbul Tünel is one of the oldest underground lines in the world after London. It was built between 1869 and 1875 to connect two central regions on Istanbul's hills – Karaköy and Beyoğlu.
The distance between the stations is only 573 metres, while the elevation reaches 61 metres. The ride takes only 90 seconds.
Tünel today is a convenient transportation mode, allowing swift transfer to Galata and descent to İstiklal Avenue (İstiklâl Caddesi). In addition, it is a distinguished tourist attraction, providing a meaningful insight into Istanbul’s rich past.
Istanbul Ferries
Water is one of Istanbul’s defining features. With an extensive shoreline and picturesque Princes’ Islands, ferries are not only a convenient way to travel but also some of the most scenic things to see in Istanbul. Most of them are operated by the public Şehir Hatları (City Lines), which boasts the nation’s largest and oldest (founded in 1851) ferry system and 53 piers on 32 lines on both sides of the strait, including the Princes’ Islands.
To get elsewhere in the provinces of Bursa and Yalova, you will find high-speed ferries run by the private company, Istanbul Sea Buses (İstanbul Deniz Otobüsleri). A smaller private ferry, Turyol, connects Eminönü, Kabataş, Beyoğlu, and Karaköy to 19 piers on the Bosphorus, Golden Horn, and the Marmara Sea.
On the following websites, you can view real-time route maps:
- turyol.com
- ido.com.tr
- sehirhatlari.istanbul/en
Taxis or Uber
There are several categories of taxis: the yellow ones are the standard, more common taxis; the turquoise ones are luxury taxis; and the black ones are VIP taxis, the most expensive.
Many drivers in Istanbul do not speak English, so it is better to write down the destination to show a driver.
Taxis can be flagged down on the streets. Travellers can ask hotel staff to arrange a car with a reputable taxi company. Also, they can order a taxi from the Uber app. Other taxi apps used by locals are iTaksi and Bitaksi.
Car Rental
It is possible to rent a car in Istanbul for. However, driving around the city is a headache because of horrendous parking and traffic. If you are set on hiring a vehicle, you must be at least 21 years old and hold an international driving licence if you are not from an EU or EEA country. Car rentals are available in 13 airports in Turkey.
How to Get to Istanbul?
Transportation from Istanbul airports to Istanbul is streamlined, with options including taxis, metro, shuttle, and public buses.
Direct flights from the US and Europe operate daily. The aircrafts land at one of the two airports within the city. Istanbul International Airport (IST), the newest and main airport, is 35 km from the historic centre. Terminal 1 serves international and domestic flights. Sabiha Gökçen International Airport (SAW) is in the Asian part of the city.
The 3rd airport in service, serving only private and Business jets and operating on behalf of the Government of Türkiye, is Istanbul Atatürk Airport (ISL).
The 24-hour Havaist shuttle departing from IST connects to the Taksim area, while the Havabus shuttle service from Sabiha Gökçen International Airport takes foreign visitors to Taksim and Kadıköy.
The New Istanbul Airport Metro was opened in 2023. The M11 Gayrettepe – İstanbul Havalimanı line has 9 stations spanning 37.5 km and takes about 30 minutes to reach the transit station at Gayrettepe. The M2 line from the station brings visitors to the historic heart of Istanbul. The transfer takes 10 minutes because Gayrettepe is the deepest station in the Istanbul Metro network. The travel time by metro from the new Istanbul airport to Taksim is 50 minutes.
Guests needing a taxi service can find E-, D-, and C-category cabs at stands near the exit doors of the international and domestic terminals.
Languages Spoken in Istanbul
Istanbul is a very touristic destination, so foreign visitors should feel comfortable if they are unable to speak the language. Most Turks speak at least basic English, especially in hospitality, where staff converse fluently.
Over 80% of the population in Istanbul speaks Turkish as their first language, 11% speak Kurdish, and 4% speak other languages, including Arabic, Armenian, and Georgian.
Currency
The official currency in Turkey is the Turkish lira (TRY).
Before your Istanbul travel begins, it is advisable to carry some Turkish lira for small, everyday expenses. You can withdraw cash from ATMs at the airport or exchange money at authorised exchange offices.
Public transportation in Istanbul generally does not accept cash or foreign currency. While contactless bank cards are accepted on many transport lines, the Istanbulkart remains the most reliable and cost-effective option, especially for visitors. It is also practical to carry a small amount of cash in low denominations, such as 5, 10, or 20 lira notes, for minor purchases.
Istanbulkart can be purchased and topped up at Istanbul Airport and major transport hubs. Using the card is cheaper and more convenient than single-use tickets on most public transportation lines across the city.
Security in Istanbul
Istanbul is generally a safe city to visit. Solo and first-time travellers will feel comfortable here if they are cautious, such as avoiding empty streets and deserted areas and conspicuous displays of expensive watches, cameras, phones, or other personal belongings. Crime rates in Istanbul are lower than in other European cities. However, if you leave your valuables unattended, do not expect they will be there when you come back.
If you find yourself in an emergency, we advise you to approach a nearby hospital or police station, or call the emergency number 112.